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English: Maximum extent of the Maurya Empire, as shown by the location of Ashoka's inscriptions, and visualized by modern archaeologist : Dougald J. W. O'Reilly [1],old archeologist Myra Shackley[2]: modern historian : Upinder Singh[3],Jackson J. Spielvogel[4][5]Hugh Bowden[6];old historians:John Haywood[7];Patrick Karl O'Brien[8][9],H. C. Raychaudhuri [10],John F. Cady[11],Gerald Danzer[12],Vincent Arthur Smith;[13] Robert Roswell Palmer[14],Geoffrey Parker[15],R. C. Majumdar;[16] and historical geographer:Joseph E. Schwartzberg.[17]
  • Chandrgupta Maurya (322BCE) already won the Aria ,Kamboj ,Arachosia ,Gedrosia from Selucus.Bindusara expanded the empire by capturing whole Dakshinapatha. Ashoka defeated the Kalinga. ' Major Rock Edict XIII ' mentions about the victory of Ashoka over Kalinga.In Girnar Second Rock inscription Ashoka mentioned some detail about his Empire.

Historical Notes :

According to Strabo (64/63 BC–c.24 AD), the ceded territories bordered the Indus:

The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the Paropamisadae, above whom lies the Paropamisus mountain: then, towards the south, the Arachoti: then next, towards the south, the Gedroseni, with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. Alexander [III 'the Great' of Macedon] took these away from the Arians and established settlements of his own, but Seleucus Nicator gave them to Sandrocottus [Chandragupta], upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange five hundred elephants. — Strabo 15.2.9[18]

According to Pliny (23/24 AD–c.79 AD) Seleucus surrendered the easternmost provinces of Arachosia, Gedrosia, Paropamisadae and perhaps also Aria. On the other hand, he was accepted by other satraps of the eastern provinces.

Most geographers, in fact, do not look upon India as bounded by the river Indus, but add to it the four satrapies of the Gedrose, the Arachotë, the Aria, and the Paropamisadë, the River Cophes thus forming the extreme boundary of India. According to other writers, however, all these territories, are reckoned as belonging to the country of the Aria. — Pliny, Natural History VI, 23[19]

Mauryan control of territory in what is now Afghanistan helped guard against invasion of India from the northwest. Chandragupta Maurya went on to expand his rule in India southward into the Deccan .[20]Sudarshana Lake is a man made lake in the Girnar Mountain ranges of Junagadh, in India. The lake was created sometime after 325 BCE upon the orders of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder and first emperor of the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta appointed Pushyagupta Vaishya, as a provisional governor of the Maurya Empire.[21]


Chandragupta conquest over Saurashtra and Sudarshana lake construction :

(L.8)……… for the sake of…………/ ordered to be made by the Vaishya Pushyagupta, the provincial governor of the Maurya king Chandragupta; adorned with conduits for Ashoka the Maurya by the Yavana king Tushaspha while governing; and by the conduit ordered to be made by him, constructed in a manner worthy of a king (and) seen in that breach.


—Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman[22]

Ashoka's victory over Kalinga :

Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Priyadarsi(Ashoka)conquered the Kalingas eight years after his coronation. One hundred and fifty thousand were deported, one hundred thousand were killed and many more died (from other causes). After the Kalingas had been conquered, Beloved-of-the-Gods came to feel a strong inclination towards the Dharma, a love for the Dharma and for instruction in Dharma. Now Beloved-of-the-Gods feels deep remorse for having conquered the Kalingas.

— Ashoka Rock Edict No. 13[23]
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  1. ↑ https://books.google.nl/books?id=eyHTschgg50C&pg=PA178&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
  2. ↑ Shackley, Myra L.; Internet Archive (2006年) 《 Atlas of travel and tourism development》、​Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier ISBN： 978-0-7506-6348-9.
  3. ↑ https://archive.org/details/history-of-ancient-and-early-medeival-india-from-the-stone-age-to-the-12th-century-pdfdrive
  4. ↑ Spielvogel, Jackson J.; Internet Archive (2012年) 《 Western civilization》、​Boston, MA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning ISBN： 978-0-495-91329-0.
  5. ↑ https://books.google.nl/books?id=cCdmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT143&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
  6. ↑ ; Internet Archive (2002年) 《 The Times ancient civilizations》、​London : Times Books ISBN： 978-0-00-710859-6.
  7. ↑ Haywood, John; Internet Archive (1997年) 《 Atlas of world history》、​New York : Barnes & Noble Books ISBN： 978-0-7607-0687-9.
  8. ↑ ; Internet Archive (1999年) 《 Philip's Atlas of World History: From the Origins of Humanity to the Year 2000》、​The Softback Preview ISBN： 978-0-540-07858-5.
  9. ↑ https://books.google.nl/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA46&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
  10. ↑ https://www.routledge.com/India-The-Ancient-Past-A-History-of-the-Indian-Subcontinent-from-c-7000/Avari/p/book/9781138828216
  11. ↑ Cady, John F. (John Frank); Internet Archive (1964年) 《 Southeast Asia: its historical development》、​New York, McGraw-Hill
  12. ↑ Danzer, Gerald A.; Internet Archive (2000年) 《 An atlas of world history》、​Ann Arbor, MI : Borders Press ISBN： 978-0-681-46572-5.
  13. ↑ Smith, Vincent Arthur ((Please provide a date)) The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911Press, pages 104–106
  14. ↑ Rand McNally and Company; Internet Archive (1965年) 《 Rand McNally atlas of world history》、​Chicago
  15. ↑ ; Internet Archive (2008年) 《 The Times compact history of the world》、​London : Times Books ISBN： 978-0-00-726731-6.
  16. ↑ An Advanced History of India& Company, (Please provide a date or year), page 104[失效链接]
  17. ↑ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. A Historical Atlas of South Asia , 2nd ed. (University of Minnesota, 1992), Plate III.B.4b (p.18) and Plate XIV.1a-c (p.145) |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/ |date=26 January 2021
  18. ↑ Strabo, Geography, xv.2.9
  19. ↑ Pliny, Natural History VI, 23
  20. ↑ Grainger, 2014, pp. 108–110
  21. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VIII. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1905-6, 45-49
  22. ↑ "Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman", Project South Asia.Archived 23 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ↑ (Yinghyij) (2012年) 《 Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor》、​Little, Brown Book Group、​第82頁 ISBN： 9781408703885.

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